Investigation of Bacterial Contents From Persistent Endodontic Infection and Evaluation of Their Inflammatory Potential.

This clinical study investigated and quantified cultivable bacteria and their levels of endotoxins in persistent endodontic infection, determining their antigenicity against macrophages and fibroblast cells by IL-1ß and TNF-α secretion and evaluating their relationship with clinical and radiographic features. Samples from the root canals were obtained after root filling removal. Culture techniques were used to determine the bacterial count and the endotoxins were determined by LAL-assay. PCR analysis (16S rDNA) was used for bacterial detection. Raw 264.5 macrophages and V79 fibroblast were stimulated with endodontic contents. ELISA assay measured the amounts of IL-1ß/TNF-?#61537; secretion. Bacteria and endotoxin medians were 1.24x105 CFU/mL and 9.62 EU/mL, respectively. Porphyromonas endodontalis was the most frequently detected species. Higher levels of endotoxins were found in teeth with pain on palpation (23.56 EU/mL) rather than in its absence (8.21 EU/mL). Larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of endotoxins and IL-1ß and TNF-α secretion. The study findings revealed the presence of Gram-negative bacteria species in persistent endodontic infection, with their endotoxins related to both severity of bone destruction and development of symptomatology. Moreover, larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α secreted by macrophages and fibroblast cells.

Investigation of Bacterial Contents From Persistent Endodontic Infection and Evaluation of Their Inflammatory Potential

Abstract This clinical study investigated and quantified cultivable bacteria and their levels of endotoxins in persistent endodontic infection, determining their antigenicity against macrophages and fibroblast cells by IL-1β and TNF-α secretion and evaluating their relationship with clinical and radiographic features. Samples from the root canals were obtained after root filling removal. Culture techniques were used to determine the bacterial count and the endotoxins were determined by LAL-assay. PCR analysis (16S rDNA) was used for bacterial detection. Raw 264.5 macrophages and V79 fibroblast were stimulated with endodontic contents. ELISA assay measured the amounts of IL-1ß/TNF-?#61537; secretion. Bacteria and endotoxin medians were 1.24x105 CFU/mL and 9.62 EU/mL, respectively. Porphyromonas endodontalis was the most frequently detected species. Higher levels of endotoxins were found in teeth with pain on palpation (23.56 EU/mL) rather than in its absence (8.21 EU/mL). Larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of endotoxins and IL-1β and TNF-α secretion. The study findings revealed the presence of Gram-negative bacteria species in persistent endodontic infection, with their endotoxins related to both severity of bone destruction and development of symptomatology. Moreover, larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α secreted by macrophages and fibroblast cells.

Resumo Este estudo clínico investigou e quantificou bactérias cultiváveis e seus níveis de endotoxinas na infecção endodôntica persistente, determinando a sua antigenicidade contra macrófagos e células de fibroblastos através de IL-1β e TNF-α; e avaliando sua relação com características clínicas e radiográficas. As amostras dos canais radiculares foram obtidas após a desobturação. Técnicas de cultura foram utilizadas para determinar a contagem de bactérias e a quantificação de endotoxinas foram determinadas por ensaio de LAL. Análise por PCR (16S rDNA) foi utilizada para a detecção bacteriana. Células 264,5 macrófagos e fibroblastos V79 foram estimuladas com conteúdo endodôntico. IL-1β e TNF-α produzidas pelas células avaliadas foram medidas por ensaio de ELISA. As medianas de bactérias e endotoxinas foram 1,24x105 UFC/mL e 9,62 EU/mL, respectivamente. Porphyromonas endodontalis foi a espécie mais frequentemente detectada. Níveis mais elevados de endotoxinas foram encontrados em dentes com dor à palpação (23,56 EU/mL) quando comparado a sua ausência (8,21 EU/mL). Maiores áreas de destruição óssea foram relacionados com níveis mais elevados de endotoxinas e IL-1β e TNF-α. O estudo revelou presença de espécies de bactérias Gram-negativas em infecção endodôntica persistente, com níveis elevados de endotoxinas relacionados a maior destruição óssea periapical e presença de sintomatologia. Além disso, grandes áreas de destruição óssea foram relacionados com níveis mais elevados de IL-1β e TNF-α secretadas por macrófagos e fibroblastos.

Action of Chlorhexidine, Zingiber officinale, and Calcium Hydroxide on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Endotoxin in the Root Canals.

AIM: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) as auxiliary chemical substance and intracanal medications on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and their endotoxins in the root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 48 single-rooted human teeth divided into four groups (n = 12), according to intracanal medications used: (1) Calcium hydroxide + apyrogenic saline solution (Ca(OH)2 + SS), (2) 20% ginger glycolic extract (GEN), (3) calcium hydroxide + 20% ginger glycolic extract (Ca(OH)2 + GEN), (4) apyrogenic SS (control). Collections were made from the root canal content before preparation (baseline-S1), immediately after instrumentation (S2), 7 days after instrumentation (S3), after 14 days the action of intracanal medication (S4), and 7 days after removal of the intracanal medication (S5). The antimicrobial activity and endotoxin content were analyzed for all collections. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: After instrumentation with CHX, there was complete elimination of E. coli and C. albicans, except for E. faecalis, which was significantly reduced and then completely eliminated after intracanal medication. There was significant reduction of endotoxin after instrumentation. Comparison of collection after instrumentation and intracanal medication revealed reduction of endotoxins in all groups; this reduction was greater in group Ca(OH)2 followed by the group GEN. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the instrumentation using CHX and intracanal medication used were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canal; the endotoxins were reduced, yet not completely eliminated. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study is important and relevant for searching alternatives during endodontic therapy, since it aims to study the effect of Zingiber officinale on microorganisms and endotoxins present in root canals.

Comparison of Different Irrigants in the Removal of Endotoxins and Cultivable Microorganisms from Infected Root Canals.

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of different irrigants used to remove endotoxins and cultivable microorganisms during endodontic therapy. Forty root canals were contaminated and divided into groups according to the irrigant: 2% NaOCl + surfactant, 2% CHX, 2.5% NaOCl, and pyrogen-free saline solution (control). Samples were collected after root canal contamination (S1), after instrumentation (S2), and 7 days after instrumentation (S3). Microorganisms and endotoxins were recovered from 100% of the contaminated root canals (S1). At S2, 2% NaOCl + surfactant, 2% CHX, and 2.5% NaOCl were able to completely eliminate cultivable microorganisms. At S3, both 2% CHX and 2.5% NaOCl were effective in preventing C. albicans and E. coli regrowth, but E. faecalis was still detected. No microorganism species was recovered from root canals instrumented with 2% NaOCl + surfactant. At S2, a higher percentage value of endotoxin reduction was found for 2% NaOCl + surfactant (99.3%) compared to 2% CHX (98.9%) and 2.5% NaOCl (97.18%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, at S3, 2% NaOCl + surfactant (100%) was the most effective irrigant against endotoxins. All irrigants tested were effective in reducing microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals. Moreover, 2% NaOCl + surfactant was the most effective irrigant against endotoxins and regrowth of microorganisms.

The effect of sodium hypochlorite and ginger extract on microorganisms and endotoxins in endodontic treatment of infected root canals.

This in vitro study sought to evaluate the biomechanical preparation action on microorganisms and endotoxins by using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and an intracanal medication containing Zingiber officinale, with or without calcium hydroxide. Single-rooted teeth were contaminated, and root canal instrumentation (using 2.5% NaOCl) was performed. Samples were divided into 4 groups, according to the intracanal medication employed. The root canal content was gathered 28 days after contamination (baseline), immediately after biomechanical preparation, 7 days after biomechanical preparation, 14 days after intracanal medication, and 7 days after intracanal medication was removed. The results (submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests) showed that the NaOCl eliminated 100% of root canal microorganisms and reduced 88.8% of endotoxins immediately after biomechanical preparation, and 83.2% at 7 days after biomechanical preparation.

One-visit versus two-visit root canal treatment: effectiveness in the removal of endotoxins and cultivable bacteria.

INTRODUCTION: This clinical study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of 1-visit versus 2-visit root canal treatment in removing endotoxins and cultivable bacteria from primarily infected root canals. METHODS: Forty-eight primarily infected root canals were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: G1, 1% NaOCl; G2, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel; G3, 1% NaOCl + Ca(OH)2; and G4, 2% CHX gel + Ca(OH)2 (all, n = 12). G1 and G2 involved 1-visit treatment, whereas G3 and G4 involved 2-visit treatment with the placement of Ca(OH)2 medication for 14 days. Samples were collected before and after root canal procedures. A chromogenic LAL assay test was used to quantify endotoxins. Culture techniques were used to determine bacterial counts. RESULTS: Endotoxins and cultivable bacteria were detected in 100% of the initial samples. All treatment protocols were effective in reducing bacterial load from infected root canals: G1 (1% NaOCl, 99.97%), G2 (2% CHX gel, 99.75%), G3 (1% NaOCl + Ca(OH)2, 99.90%), and G4 (2% CHX gel + Ca(OH)2, 96.81%), respectively (P < .05). No differences were found in bacterial load reduction when comparing 1-visit and 2-visit treatment groups, irrespective of the irrigant tested (P > .05). Higher median percentage values of endotoxin reduction were achieved in the 2-visit treatment groups (G3, 98.01% and G4, 96.81%) compared with 1-visit treatment groups (G1, 86.33% and G2, 84.77%) (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Both 1-visit and 2-visit root canal treatment protocols were effective in reducing bacteria and endotoxins, but they were not able to eliminate them in all root canals analyzed. Furthermore, 2-visit root canal treatment protocols were more effective in reducing endotoxins than 1-visit root canal treatment protocols.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of AH Plus, EndoREZ and Epiphany against microorganisms.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers against microorganisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The agar diffusion method was used. A double base layer of Mueller Hinton agar was done. The microorganisms used were: Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The wells were obtained by removing a standardized portion of the agar. After the distribution of the sealers, Petri plates were incubated for 24 h. Inhibition halos formed around the wells were measured. RESULTS: Epiphany did not show any antimicrobial activity on the tested microorganisms (without inhibition halo). The AH Plus showed the greatest inhibition halo on C. albicans followed by EndoREZ on S. aureus. EndoREZ also showed greater inhibition halo in comparison to AH Plus on E. faecalis and E. coli. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that AH Plus and EndoREZ showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. No antimicrobial activity was observed for Epiphany.

Effectiveness of castor oil extract on Escherichia coli and its endotoxins in root canals.

This in vitro study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of castor oil extract used as an irrigating solution on Escherichia coli and its endotoxins in root canals. Sixty single-rooted teeth were prepared (using castor oil extract as irrigating solution) and divided into five groups (n = 12): Group 1 samples were treated with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), Group 2 samples were treated with polymyxin B, Group 3 samples were treated with Ca(OH)2 and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX), and Group 4 samples were treated with castor oil extract. A control group used physiological saline solution as an irrigant. Canal content samples were collected at four different times: immediately after instrumentation, seven days after instrumentation, after 14 days of intracanal medication, and seven days after removal of intracanal medication. A plating method was used to assess antimicrobial activity and the quantification of endotoxins was evaluated by the chromogenic Limulus lysate assay. Data were submitted to ANOVA and a Dunn test (a = 5%). Irrigation with castor oil extract decreased E. coli counts but had no effect on the level of endotoxins. Samples taken seven days after removal of medication revealed a significant reduction in endotoxin levels in Groups 3 and 4. Compared to the saline solution irrigation, castor oil extract decreased microorganism counts in root canals immediately after canal preparation. None of the medications used completely eliminated endotoxins in the root canal.

Detecção de microrganismos, quantificação de endotoxinas e ação in vivo do Zingiber officinale em dentes com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical / Detection of microorganisms, quantification of endotoxins and in vivo action of Zingiber officinale in teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesion

A proposta deste trabalho foi detectar microrganismos e avaliar in vivo a ação do extrato glicólico de gengibre 20% (GENG), do hipoclorito de sódio1% (NaOCl), da clorexidina gel 2% (CLX) como soluções irrigadoras e da medicação intracanal (MIC) de hidróxido de cálcio sobre microrganismos e endotoxinas em dentes com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical. Para isso 36 pacientes portadores de dente com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical visível radiograficamente foram submetidos ao tratamento endodôntico e divididos em 3 grupos (n=12), de acordo com a substância química auxiliar utilizada durante o preparo biomecânico: GENG; NaOCl ou CLX intercalado com solução salina fisiológica. Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular com cones de papel absorvente após a abertura do dente, após a instrumentação e, após 14 dias da ação da MIC. Para todas as coletas foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) avaliação da atividade anti microbiana pela contagem de UFC/mL e método molecular – PCR e; b) análise da quantidade de endotoxina verificada pelo lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e estatística de Kruskal-Wallis e teste deDunn. Os resultados mostraram presença de DNA bacteriano em todas as coletas, sendo que Parvimonas micra foi a espécie mais frequente. A instrumentação com as substâncias testadas reduziram significativamente microrganismos e endotoxinas dos canais radiculares. A utilização da MIC não foi capaz de potencializar os efeitos antimicrobianos nem sobre endotoxinas. Pôde-se concluir que o preparo biomecânico com GENG foi eficiente tanto em reduzir microrganismos quanto endotoxinas dos canais radiculares. A MIC de Ca(OH)2 não foi capaz de potencializar a neutralização de endotoxinas após PBM

The purpose of this study was to detect microorganisms and to evaluate invivo the action of 20% ginger glycolic extract (GENG), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX) as irrigating solutions and intracanal medication (ICM) of calcium hydroxide on microorganisms and endotoxins in teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesions. Thirty six patients with tooth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible periapical lesion were submitted to endodontic treatment and divided into 3 groups (n = 12), according to the auxiliary chemical substance used during the biomechanical preparation: GENG,NaOCl or CHX interspersed with saline solution. Samples of the root canal were taken with paper cones immediately after exposure of the canal,immediately after instrumentation and 14 days after MIC. For all samples were performed the following tests: a) evaluation of antimicrobial activityby counting the CFU / mL and molecular method - PCR and b)quantification of endotoxins verified by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate.The results showed the presence of bacterial DNA in all samples, and Parvimonas micra was the most frequent species. The instrumentation with all substances tested reduced significantly microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals. The use of ICM was not able to potentiate the antimicrobial effects either on endotoxins. It was concluded that biomechanical preparation with glycolic extract of ginger was effective in reducing microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals with no significant differences from Na OCl or chlorhexidine. The Ca(OH)2 ICM could not enhance the neutralization of endotoxins after biomechanical preparation

Evaluation of dentin cleansing by a detergent derived from castor oil (Ricinus communis) used as root canal irrigant: a scanning electron miscroscopy study

Introduction and objective: To evaluate, by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), the cleaning of root canal walls after biomechanicalpreparation and irrigation with castor oil (Endoquil®) and 0.5% sodiumhypochlorite (NaOCl). Material and methods: Fifteen maxillaryincisors were subjected to standardized root canal instrumentationwith different irrigants (n = 5): G1 ? Endoquil; G2 ? 0.5% NaOCl;G3 ? saline solution (control). After instrumentation, the teeth wereprepared for SEM analysis (X 2000 original magnification) to evaluatethe cleaning of cervical, middle and apical thirds. The area analyzedwas quantified according to the percentage of open and closed tubulesand data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests.Results: Statistical analysis showed that Endoquil was similar to 0.5%NaOCl at the apical third. However, there was statistically significantdifference at the cervical and middle thirds, between these two groups.Conclusion: It was concluded that Endoquil presented better resultsat the middle third while 0.5% NaOCl presented better results at thecervical third; at the apical third, both irrigants were similar.

Effect of photochemical activation of hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel with and without TiO 2 and different wavelengths

Aim: To evaluate the effect of photochemical activation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel with different wavelengths. Methods: In the study, 80 bovine incisors were used, which were stained in 25% soluble coffee and divided in 4 groups. The initial color was measured with the Easy Shade spectrophotometer by CIE Lab. An experimental 35% H2O2 bleaching gel was used,either with or without the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigment, associated with two light sources: G1 - Transparent Gel (TG) and no activation; G2 - Gel with TiO2 and activation with blue LED (l=470nm)laser (Easy Bleach) appliance; G3 - Gel with TiO2 and activation with ultraviolet(l=345nm - UV); G4 - TG and activation with UV. Three applications of the gels were made for 10min, and in each, 3 activations of 3 min, with interval of 30 s between them. The coloration was evaluated again and the variation in color perception (DE) was calculated. The data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. Results: There were significant differences between G1 and G4. The greatest “E value was observed in G4 (13.37).There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups 2, 3 and 4.Conclusions: The presence of TiO2 particules in the bleaching gel did not interfere at the bleaching results.

Scanning electron microscope evaluation of chlorhexidine gel and liquid associated with sodium hypochlorite cleaning on the root canal walls.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate, by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), the cleaning of the root canal walls after instrumentation and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel or liquid, combined or not with 17% ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). STUDY DESIGN: Sixty single-root human teeth were subjected to standardized root canal instrumentation with different irrigants (n = 10): G1) NaOCl + CHX liquid; G2) NaOCl + CHX liquid + EDTA + saline solution; G3) NaOCl + CHX gel; G4) NaOCl + CHX gel + EDTA + saline solution; G5) saline solution; G6) saline solution + EDTA. After instrumentation, the teeth were prepared for SEM analysis (×500 and ×2,000) to evaluate the cleaning of the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. The area analyzed was quantified according to the percentage of open and closed tubules, and data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P = .05). RESULTS: The number of open tubules was highest in G4 in all root thirds, showing statistically significant difference from G1, G2, and G5 (P < .05). G1 presented higher quantity of closed tubules significant than G2. CONCLUSION: Irrigation with NaOCl and CHX gel followed by EDTA and saline solution produced greater cleaning of the root canal walls.

Sindrome de Dandy-Walker: conceptos neuroquirúrgicos

Se presenta un caso con Síndrome de Dandy0Walker. La tomografia axial computarizada del cráneo y cerebro así como el neurosonograma, demostraron claramente la hidrocefalia, la presencia de un quiste de la fosa posterior contínuo con el 4§ ventrículo y la agenesia del cuerpo calloso. Se concluye que el diagnóstico es radiológico. Nuestro método preferencial de tratamento quirúrgico es la derivación de la fosa posterior que ofrece ciertas ventajas técnicas, donde no es necesario combinar la derivación supratentorial

Morbilidad y mortalidad por accidentes de transito en la poblacion menor de 20 años 1980-1986

Se revisan los acidentes automovilíticos ocurridos en la República de Panamá en los años comprendidos entre 1980 y 1986. Se analizan los menores de 20 años involucrados en los mismos, los grupos etarios, las lesiones y el tipo de accidente. Se concluye que el número creciente de accidentes de tránsito constituye un problema de Salud Pública que debe ser abordado a la mayor brevedad